《环境监测管理与技术》2007年第2期目次
浅谈环境预警应急指挥中心的构建与运作…………………………… 张丹宁，许立峰（1）
环境污染事故应急监测装备的配置思路…………………… 郁建桥，张璘，徐亮，等（4）
B/S模式的环境监测仪器设备管理系统的开发………………………………… 杨官平（7）
环境中合成麝香污染现状研究………………………… 曾祥英，桂红艳，陈多宏，等(10)
基于BP神经网络的齐齐哈尔地区地下水水质评价…… 秦传玉，赵勇胜，张伟红，等(15)
玄武湖沉积物中磷的形态分布特征………………………… 丰茂武，吴云海，龚春生(19)
珠江（广州河段）表层沉积物中的重金属污染调查与评价
………………………………………………………… 牛红义，吴群河，陈新庚（23）
平顶山市大气PM10、PM2.5污染调查……………… 刘章现，袁英贤，张江石，等（26）
城市生活垃圾可生物降解有机质成分的测定…… 周效志，桑树勋，程云环，等（30）
毛细管气相色谱法测定水中氯苯类化合物…………… 杨丽莉，母应锋，姚诚，等（34）
气相色谱法测定水中呋喃丹………………………………………………张鑫，丁清波（36）
水中Cr（Ⅵ）的流动注射在线监测……………………………王贤奕，赵云，洪陵成（39）
垃圾填埋场降解规律研究……………………………………………杨军，黄涛，曹江英(41)
不同布置方式220 kV变电所对周围环境的电磁辐射分布
…………………………………………………………… 施东风，孙沙青，王冲，等(44)
水泥厂大气污染物健康风险评价初探………………………… 林亲铁，肖艳云，徐文彬(47)
厂界噪声测量中若干问题探讨……………………………………………………… 平树水(50)
厂界噪声测量的不确定度评定……………………………………………… 张涛，熊光陵(52)
两种原子吸收法测定环境水样中镍的比较……………………………… 陆文娟，叶国英(54)
室内空气中氨的测定方法改进………………………………………王琳，喇国静，张建萍(56)
大气自动站ML 9850 SO2监测仪的校标操作……………………… 李冰，夏淮海，谢伟(57)
土壤中总铬测定方法改进……………………………………………………… 任兰，杜青(58)
·简讯· （14）（29）·动态· （6）
《环境监测管理与技术》2007年第2期主要文章中英文摘要
〖篇 名〗浅谈环境预警应急指挥中心的构建与运作
〖作 者〗张丹宁，许立峰
〖机 构〗南京市环境监测中心站，江苏 南京 210013
〖摘 要〗从污染事故环境预警应急工作出发，结合当前环境监测和环境监察的职能，提出了环境预警应急指挥中心的构建要素、主要职能和核心任务，建议形成协调统一的组织管理模式、各有侧重的发展建设模式、平战结合的集约运作模式、优势互补的技术支撑模式，以及说清环境的解析问题模式。
〖关键词〗环境预警；应急指挥中心；环境监测；环境监察
〖Abstract〗The authors proposed organization of essential factor, the main function and the core duty for early warning emergency control center from the task of early warning emergency on environment pollution accident and current function of environmental monitoring and environment supervision. The center operation mode was suggested that is the organization and management of coordinated unification, the respectively stress of development, the intensive operation of peacetime and wartime union, as well as the clearly explanation of environment problems.
〖Key words〗Environment early warning; Emergency control center; Environmental monitoring; Environment supervision
〖篇 名〗环境污染事故应急监测装备的配置思路
〖作 者〗郁建桥，张璘，徐亮，丁铭
〖机 构〗江苏省环境监测中心，江苏 南京 210036
〖摘 要〗分析了应急监测装备的配置形势，提出了应急监测装备的配置思想和配置原则，剖析了配置的关键点在于实现快速响应功能，准确、快速监测数据获取功能，快速解析、准确判断污染趋势功能，图像和声讯实时双向传输功能，以及安全保障和防护功能。
〖关键词〗环境污染事故；应急监测；装备
〖Abstract〗 According to the demand of emergency monitoring, the selected and prepared equipments should have fast response to pollutants, gain of the accurate monitoring data, analysis, judgement forecast of pollution tendency, twoway transmission of audiovisual information, as well as safety control and protection function.
〖Key words〗Environmental pollution accident; Emergency monitoring; Equipment
〖篇 名〗B/S模式的环境监测仪器设备管理系统的开发
〖作 者〗杨官平
〖机 构〗华北电力大学，河北保定071003
〖摘 要〗根据对环境监测站的需求分析，采用ASP.NET技术开发了B/S结构的环境监测仪器设备管理系统，阐述了系统的功能、结构、设计及实现。使用该系统，实现了仪器设备的全过程生命周期式管理，可明显提高仪器设备的利用率与管理水平。
〖关键词〗环境监测；仪器；设备；管理系统；B/S模式
〖Abstract〗The environmental monitoring equipment management system with B/S structure had been developed by use of ASP.NET technique according to demand analysis for environmental monitoring station. The author described the function, structure, design and realization of the system. The application of entire process equipment management can not only obviously increase the use efficiency of monitoring instrument and equipment but also raise the management level.
〖Key words〗Environmental monitoring; Instrument； Apparatus; Management system; B/S mode
〖篇 名〗环境中合成麝香污染现状研究
〖作 者〗曾祥英1，桂红艳1，2，陈多宏1，2，熊英1，2，盛国英1，3，傅家谟1，3
〖机 构〗1.有机地球化学国家重点实验室，广东省环境资源利用与保护重点实验室，中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，广东 广州 510640；2.中国科学院研究生院，北京 100083；3.上海大学环境与化学工程学院，上海200072
〖摘 要〗合成麝香广泛分布于环境中，难降解，易生物富集，对水生生物和人体均呈现一定的生物毒性。综述了合成麝香在环境中的污染现状和分布特点，以及在水生生物和人体中的生物富集作用，并对合成麝香污染研究进行了展望。
〖关键词〗合成麝香；硝基麝香；多环麝香；生物富集；环境污染
〖Abstract〗The synthetic musk is widely distributed in environment and poisonous to human body, aquatic animals and plants because it is difficult to be degraded and easily bioaccumulated. The authors summarized the synthetic musk present pollution situation in environment and its distribution characteristic, as well as the bioaccumulation function in the human body, aquatic animals and plants, and prospect to the research work for synthetic musk pollution.
〖Key words〗Synthetic musk; Nitro musk; Polycyclic musk; Bioaccumulation; Environmental pollution
〖篇 名〗基于BP神经网络的齐齐哈尔地区地下水水质评价
〖作 者〗秦传玉1，赵勇胜1，张伟红1，郭晓东1，耿楠楠2
〖机 构〗1.吉林大学环境与资源学院，吉林长春 130026；2.东北电力学院计算机系，吉林 长春132001
〖摘 要〗阐述了人工神经网络基本原理，介绍了BP网络的地下水水质评价模型。在传统的评价方法基础上，根据各评价因子对环境和人类影响程度不同，给水质监测指标分组，从实用角度对水质进行评价。与传统评价方法相比，该评价模型在某评价因子数值极大的情况下，也能准确反映地下水的污染情况，并且通过GIS技术利用评价结果得到地下水水质分布图，从空间反映地下水水质变化规律。
〖关键词〗BP神经网络；地下水质量评价；GIS；齐齐哈尔
〖Abstract〗A BP network model of groundwater quality assessment based on the calculation of BP neural network is presented. On the basis of traditional assessment method and the difference among the evaluated indicators affecting environment and humanlife, water quality indexes are classified in groups so that the groundwater quality can be assessed from a practical point of view. Compared with traditional assessments, this method can describe the pollution situation of groundwater at the case of great amount of a certain evaluated data. And the water quality distribution maps are gained using GIS, which can reflect the quality change of groundwater in the space.
〖Key words〗BP neural network；Ground water quality assessment；GIS；Qiqihar
〖篇 名〗玄武湖沉积物中磷的形态分布特征
〖作 者〗丰茂武1，吴云海1，龚春生2
〖机 构〗1.河海大学环境科学与工程实验中心，江苏 南京 210098；2.河海大学环境科学与工程学院，江苏 南京 210098
〖摘 要〗利用分级提取法分析了玄武湖的沉积磷形态，在玄武湖沉积物中，铝结合态磷的含量较低，平均值为64 mg/kg，其余形态磷中，铁结合态磷为241 mg/kg，有机磷为335 mg/kg，钙结合态磷为394 mg/kg。在环境变化的条件下，铁结合态磷可以释放到间隙水和上层水体中，是湖泊产生富营养化的重要因素；铝结合态磷由于含量少，对湖泊富营养化影响很小；钙结合态磷相对稳定且很难被生物利用，对湖泊富营养化影响不大；有机磷对水体有机负荷影响较大，并影响水体富营养化程度。
〖关键词〗沉积物；分级提取；磷；形态分析；玄武湖
〖Abstract〗Distribution of phosphorus speciation in lake Xuanwu sediments was analyzed with classification extraction method. The studies indicated that the concentration of aluminum bound phosphorus (Al-P) was low in the sediment and the average value was 64 mg/kg. Among the other speciation of phosphorus, iron bound phosphorus (Fe-P) was 241 mg/kg, organic phosphorus (Org-P) 335 mg/kg ,CaCO3 bound phosphorus (Ca-P) 394 mg/kg. The Fe-P, which can be released into the gap and the upper water when environment changes, is the important factor of lake eutrophication. The Al-P has little impacted lake eutrophication because of its low concentration. The Ca-P was relatively stable and hardly used by biology. The Org-P has impacted organic load and influences lake eutrophication.
〖Key words〗 Sediment; Classification extraction; Phosphorus; Morphological analysis; Lake Xuanwu
〖篇 名〗珠江（广州河段）表层沉积物中的重金属污染调查与评价
〖作 者〗牛红义，吴群河，陈新庚
〖机 构〗中山大学环境科学研究所，广东 广州 510275
〖摘 要〗应用地累积指数法对珠江（广州河段）表层沉积物中重金属污染程度进行了调查与评价。结果表明，其表层沉积物中重金属的地累积指数大小顺序为：Cu＞Cd＞Zn＞Pb＞As＞Cr＞Hg，其中Cu是主要污染物，Cd、Zn和Pb的地累积指数较高。在所有监测断面中，地累积级别达到4级（强污染）的有5个断面，即4#（雅瑶大桥）、5#（黄歧）、6#（黄沙）、7#（横滘）和16#（花地涌北出口）。
〖关键词〗 地累积指数；沉积物；重金属污染；珠江
〖Abstract〗The heavy metal pollution in Guangzhou section surface sediment of the Pearl River was studied with index of Geoaccumulation(I geo). The results indicated the index of heavy metals in the surface sediment decreases as followed: Cu＞Cd＞Zn＞Pb＞As＞Cr＞Hg. Cu is the main pollutant and the I geo of Cd, Zn and Pb are larger than that of others elements. There are 5 sampling sites whoseI geo get scale 4, which means heavy pollution, and they are 4#(The bridge of Yayao), 5#(Huangqi), 6#(Huangsha), 7#(Hengjiao) and 16#(The north exit of the Huadi Stream).
〖Key words〗Index of geoaccumulation; Sediment; Heavy metal pollution; Pearl River
〖篇 名〗平顶山市大气PM10 、PM2.5污染调查
〖作 者〗刘章现1 ，袁英贤1 ，张江石2 ，王国贞1
〖机 构〗1.平顶山工学院环境工程系，河南 平顶山 467000; 2.中国矿业大学(北京)资源与安全工程学院，北京 100083
〖摘 要〗于2003年12月—2004年11月对平顶山市城区大气PM10、PM2.5污染进行了调查。结果表明，2004年大气PM10、PM2.5质量浓度分别为0.031 mg/m3～0.862 mg/m3、0.019 mg/m 3～0.438 mg/m3；年均值分别为0.174 mg/m3、0.114 mg/m3，超标0.74倍、6.60倍。PM10、PM2.5污染的季节变化趋势是以冬季、春季高，秋季次之，夏季最低，细颗粒（PM2.5）约占PM10 65%；As、Pb、Cd、S、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ca等元素是颗粒物中主要污染元素，易在PM2.5中富集。平顶山市大气颗粒物污染的主要来源有煤炭燃烧、汽车尾气、城市基础建设和有色金属冶炼行业。
〖关键词〗PM10；PM2.5；微量元素；富集；平顶山市
〖Abstract〗Investigation of pollution levels of airborne PM10、PM2.5 and PM2.5 in Pingdingshan City were carried out from December 2003 to November 2004. The result indicated that the range of PM10 concentration are from 0.031 mg/m3 to 0.862 mg/m3 and PM2.5 from 0.019 mg/m3 to 0.438 mg/m3 during 2004, the annual average PM10 concentration 0.174 mg/m3 and PM2.5 0.114 mg/m3.The concentration of PM10 was over the Chinese air quality standard 0.74 times and The one of PM2.5 over the American air quality standard
6.60 times. The PM10 and PM2.5 pollution levels changed with seasons, which the concentrations of them in the winter and spring were high, the autumn next, the summer lowest. The PM2.5 accounted approximately 65% in the PM10.The main trace elements in the particles were As, Pb, Cd, S, Zn,Cu,Mn，Ca, and the elements easily concentrated in PM2.5. The main pollution sources of the particles come from burning coal, automobile exhaust, the city infrastructure construction and nonferrous metals smelting.
〖Key words〗PM10；PM2.5；Trace element; Concentration; Pingdingshan city
〖篇 名〗城市生活垃圾可生物降解有机质成分的测定
〖作 者〗周效志，桑树勋，程云环，刘会虎
〖机 构〗中国矿业大学资源与地球科学学院，江苏 徐州 221008
〖摘 要〗卫生填埋是我国现阶段最主要的城市生活垃圾处理方式，定量分析城市生活垃圾可生物降解有机质成分对于研究填埋垃圾的厌氧降解过程具有重要意义。通过一系列常规化学试验，利用抽提差重法、比色法及灼烧差重法，依次测定了垃圾中含水率，挥发分与灰分，脂肪类，易水解物与半纤维素，腐植酸，难水解物、不水解物与纤维素，木质素与固体残渣等成分，为入场垃圾可生化性评价及降解过程中固相成分变化的动态监测提供了一种简便快速的测定方法。
〖关键词〗城市生活垃圾；卫生填埋；生物可降解性；有机质；测定
〖Abstract〗 The sanitary landfill is main garbage disposal way in the present of China. The ingredient analysis of biodegradation organic substances has an important significance for estimating anaerobic degeneration process of the garbage. Through a series of routine chemical tests, the authors respectively determined the fats, hydrolysate and hemicellulose, humic acid, nonhydrolysate and cellulose, lignin in garbage. The test results provide a simple and fast monitoring method to evaluate dynamic biodegradation and solid change of the garbage.
〖Key words〗Domestic garbage; Sanitary landfill; Biodegradability; Organic substance; Determination
〖篇 名〗毛细管气相色谱法测定水中氯苯类化合物
〖作 者〗杨丽莉，母应锋，姚诚，胡恩宇，纪英
〖机 构〗南京市环境监测中心站，江苏 南京 210013
〖摘 要〗采用毛细管气相色谱法同时分离测定水中11种氯苯类化合物。用DB-23毛细管柱分离，电子捕获检测器检测，方法线性关系良好，水中氯苯类的最低检出限分别为：二氯苯0.74 μg/L～0.89 μg/L，三氯苯0.17 μg/L～0.21 μg/L，四氯苯0.07 μg/L～0.11 μg/L，五氯苯0.04 μg/L、六氯苯0.02 μg/L，加标回收率在83.5%～101%之间，RSD在1.4%～5.2%之间。
〖关键词〗毛细管；气相色谱法；氯苯类化合物；水质
〖Abstract〗 A method is for 11 kinds of chlorobenzenes determination in water samples which separated by DB-23 fused silica capillary column and detected with GC-ECD. The linear relation between instrument responds and calibration standard was excellent. The limits of detection of dichlorobenzenes in water sample were 0.74 μg/L～0.89 μg/L respectively, trichlorobenzenes 0.17 μg/L～0.21 μg/L, tetrachlorobenzenes 0.07 μg/L～ 0.11 μg/L, pentachlorobenzene 0.04 μg/L and hexachlorobenzene 0.02 μg/L. The recovery range was between 83.5%～101%, RSD 1.4%～5.2%.
〖Key words〗Capillary; Gas chromatography; Compounds of chlorobenzenes; Water quality
〖篇 名〗气相色谱法测定水中呋喃丹
〖作 者〗张鑫1，2，丁清波2
〖机 构〗1.南京大学环境学院，江苏 南京 210093；2.淮安市环境监测中心站，江苏 淮安 223001
〖摘 要〗建立了二氯甲烷提取、高效毛细管柱分离、气相色谱-氮磷检测器测定水中呋喃丹的方法。优化了试验条件，以HP-5和HP-1301双柱定性，方法在0.00 mg/L～1.00 mg/L之间线性良好，检出限为2.0×10-5 mg/L，RSD≤6.5%，加标回收率为93.6%～110%。
〖关键词〗呋喃丹；毛细管；气相色谱法；水质
〖Abstract〗A method was established for determination of carbofunan in water samples which extracted with dichloromethane, separated by fused silica capillary column and detected with GC-NPD. The experiment condition was optimized and the compound decided by double capillary columns HP-5 and HP-1301. The linear relation was excellent between instrument responds and calibration standard ranges both from 0.00 mg/L to 1.00 mg/L. The limits of detection in water sample were 2.0×10-5 mg/L. The relative standard deviation was within 6.5%, and the recovery was from 93.6% to 110%.
〖Key words〗Carbofunan; Capillary; Gas chromatography; Water quality
〖篇 名〗不同布置方式220 kV变电所对周围环境的电磁辐射分布
〖作 者〗施东风，孙沙青，王冲，戴科荐，范方辉
〖机 构〗浙江省辐射环境监测站，浙江 杭州 310012
〖摘 要〗通过对不同布置方式220 kV电压等级变电所在运行中对周围环境产生的工频电场、磁感应强度和无线电干扰的监测分析，了解了不同布置方式220 kV电压等级变电所对周围环境电磁辐射的分布规律。指出在建设220 kV电压等级变电所的同时，只要做好建筑屏蔽和电缆入地等工作，就可以降低对周围环境的电磁辐射影响。
〖关键词〗变电所；电磁辐射；无线电干扰
〖Abstract〗Power frequency electric field, Magnetic induction intensity and radio jamming in environment were detected at the different layout of 220 kV voltage transformer substations to get electromagnetic radiation distribution. The construction shield and underground electric cable can reduce the electromagnetic radiation influence in different layout of transformer substations.
〖Key words〗Transformer substation; Electromagnetic radiation; Radio cross
〖篇 名〗水泥厂大气污染物健康风险评价初探
〖作 者〗林亲铁1，肖艳云2，徐文彬1
〖机 构〗1.广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院，广东 广州 510090；2.湖南省洞口县环境保护局,湖南 洞口 422300
〖摘 要〗根据大气污染物的环境行为，沿着污染物排放—迁移转化—人体吸收这条途径，提出了以致残调整生命年为最终评价指标的大气污染物人体健康风险定量评价方法。对广东某水泥厂实例分析说明，水泥生产过程排放的各种大气污染物中，NOx的人体健康风险最大，占水泥生产过程所有大气污染物健康风险的43.9%，SO2的人体健康风险最小。
〖关键词〗大气污染物；健康风险评价；致残调整生命年；水泥厂
〖Abstract〗According to the environment behavior of air pollutant and the way of emission, migration, transform, and absorbtion by human body of pollutants, a method of disability adjusted life years was established for final quantitative risk assessment of human body. Investigation in a Guangdong cement plant shows that NOx is the most harmful factor to human health, which amounts to 43.9% of total human risks caused by airborne pollutants and the SO2 is the smallest factor for the risks.
〖Key words〗Airborne pollutant; Health risk assessment; Disability adjusted life years；Cement plant
〖篇 名〗厂界噪声测量中若干问题探讨
〖作 者〗平树水
〖机 构〗河北省环境监测中心站，河北 石家庄 050051
〖摘 要〗 在工业企业厂界噪声测量中经常遇到的问题主要有监测点位布设和背景噪声扣除两类，并对敏感点距声源距离与布点监测、背景噪声的测量和受外来声源严重影响时如何测量厂界噪声等问题提出了解决办法。
〖关键词〗厂界噪声；测量；问题
〖Abstract〗The measurement position and background noise subtraction which in the boundaries noise measurement of industrial enterprise and factory have been analyzed. The solutions to the sensitive distance from acoustic source and setting of monitoring sites, noise, the external serious influence were proposed.
〖Key words〗Factory boundary noise; Measurement; Question
〖篇 名〗两种原子吸收法测定环境水样中镍的比较
〖作 者〗陆文娟1，叶国英2
〖机 构〗1苏州高新区环保局，江苏 苏州 215011； 2江苏省环境监测中心，江苏 南京 210036
〖摘 要〗 用加热浓缩-火焰原子吸收光谱法和石墨炉-原子吸收光谱法对环境水样中的镍进行了比较测定，结果表明，两种方法测定镍的各项指标均在要求范围，两种方法测定结果的相对误差均＜7.1%，表明两种方法可以视为等效方法，作用可以相互替补使用。
〖关键词〗加热浓缩-火焰原子吸收法；石墨炉-原子吸收法；镍；水样
〖Abstract〗The nickel was determinated in environmental water samples by heating concentrationflame atomic absorption spectrometry (HC-FAAS) and graphite furnaceatomic absorption spectrometry（GF-AAS）. The comparison result indicated that the two detection values were identical so that the two methods can be replaced each other in nickel determination for environmental water quality monitoring.
〖Key words〗HC-FAAS;GF-AAS; Nickel; Waters samples
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